During my interaction with Project Management Professional (PMP)® Certification aspirants, often I see that they take the Point of Total Assumption as a confusing concept. I observed that there are lots of misunderstandings and confusions that need clarity. Though not a crucial question from the PMP® exam point of view, it still needs a detailed discussion. In this blog, I will address the puzzling PTA concept with simple to understand examples.

This concept is only related to fixed-price incentive fee contracts. It refers to the amount above which the seller bears all the losses of an additional cost overrun. The concept works when:

1. Buyer and seller have agreed on criteria for fixing the price, and
2. The buyer is willing to repay part of the cost overrun till it reaches a ceiling price.

Let’s look at a few terms before we get into the meaning of PTA.

Target Cost: This is the estimated budget, which the seller has planned for delivering the given project. It is like a project budget. This target cost is shared with the buyer, and the process of estimating the project budget is also transparent.

Target Fee: This is the fee which the seller wants to charge for the work he is doing. It is the planned fee, and the actual fee will depend upon how well the seller manages the project (cost overruns)

Target Price: It is the price the buyer is looking towards. And, it is a sum total of Target Cost + Target Fee, both seller and buyer use this as a benchmark.  If the final project cost less than this price, the buyer and seller will share the profit as per the profit-sharing agreement.  If the price goes beyond the target price, buyer and seller share the cost as per cost-sharing agreement (subject to the maximum ceiling of the selling price)

Share ratio: There are two types of ratio:

• One for sharing profit, when the project cost less than the target cost, and
• Another is the cost-sharing ratio when the project costs more than the target cost.

Let’s look at the PTA formula:

PTA = (Ceiling Price – Target Price) / Buyer’s Share Ratio + Target Cost

Let’s see how to calculate PTA, For PTA calculation I am taking the example from Rita Mulcahy’s PMP® Exam Prep Eighth Edition page no 480.

Target Cost	150,000
Target Fee	30,000
Target Price	180,000
Sharing Ratio (Cost Overrun Sharing Ratio)	60/40
Ceiling Price	200,000

Let’s calculate PTA for this

PTA = (Ceiling Price – Target Price) / Buyer’s Share Ration + Target Cost

PTA = (200,000 – 180,000) /. 60 + 150,000

PTA = 183,333

What does it mean?

It means the cost of development should not touch the Point of Total Assumption (PTA) (183,333). And, it should be the target of the seller. If it touches PTA then all further cost overrun the seller has to pay. Looks theoretical? Let’s see what number speaks, here I have created seven scenarios of the actual cost. It is starting from target cost equal to actual cost. We are only discussing cost overrun case, we are not discussing profit-sharing here.

S.No	Actual Cost	Actual Price (Actual Cost + Target Fee)	Price Overrun (Actual Price – Target Price)	Buyer’s Share (60% of Price Overrun till PTA)	Buyer’s Payout (Target Cost + Buyer Cost Overrun Share, not more than Ceiling Price)	Seller’s Profit (Buyer Payout – Actual Cost)
1	150,000	180,000	0	0	180,000	30,000
2	160,000	190,000	10,000	6,000	186,000	26,000
3	170,000	200,000	20,000	12,000	192,000	22,000
4	183,333	213,333	33,333	20,000	200,000	16,667
5	190,000	220,000	40,000	20,000	200,000	10,000
6	200,000	230,000	50,000	20,000	200,000	(0)
7	210,000	240,000	60,000	20,000	200,000	(-10,000)

Here are some of the things which you might have observed

1. The seller makes a target profit only when he meets target price, the scenario no 1
2. When the project costs more than the target price, seller profit starts reducing. Though the buyer also shares the cost of overrun as per agreement ratio scenario 2 and 3
3. When the cost goes beyond Point of Total Assumption (PTA), buyer cost overrun sharing gets frozen. Any further increase in cost does not affect buyer payout. Since the total payout touches the ceiling price. The seller may still make profit scenario 4 and 5
4. The seller will lose money when the cost goes beyond ceiling price, the scenario no 7

This graph shows how profit margin starts shrinking once the seller misses the target price. And margin shrinks further when they reach PTA point. Also, the seller starts making a loss when the actual cost goes more than the ceiling price.

Now I guess it should be easier to understand that if actual cost touches PTA, the seller pays all further cost overruns.

Check out the important PMP® Certification FAQs on Point of Total Assumption (PTA):

What all forms the buyer’s pay-out?  Will the seller always get cost and fee from the buyer?

Answer: The buyer pay-out is driven by target price and overrun. Now when we calculated the target price, we used target cost and target fee in driving it. As the seller breach the target price, seller profit (fee) starts reducing, it’s not a cost-reimbursable contract where you get all your cost + fixed fee.  It’s a fixed-price incentive fee contract, so your profit goes down as you breach the target price.

Does this mean – After PTA the cost overrun sharing ratio changes to 0:100 (Buyer: Seller)?

Answer: This sometimes looks confusing since we calculate the cost overrun based on the target price. It’s better to understand that after PTA the cost of the buyer reaches the ceiling price, so he does not pay share cost of additional overrun. He is still paying the ceiling price (not target price). If I plot a bar chart of the scenarios discussed in this blog it shows that after PTA point, a scenario no 4 buyers share, for cost overrun is frizzed to 20,000, the seller has to pay all extra money.

To get the maximum profit, what a seller should do in this type of contract?

Answer: Manage the project in less than the target price. Once a seller breaches the target price his profit starts shrinking.

Once the process crosses the target cost, does the seller still get the target fee (profit)?

Answer: No, the profit will be less than the target fee when project costs, raise beyond the target price. Until the buyer is sharing is 100% of the cost overrun.

How many questions do we get on PTA during PMP® exam?

Answer: We do not see PTA questions coming in PMP® exam very frequently. I hope now you will not just memorize the formula of point of total assumption with lots of assumptions. Drop us a comment or feedback on the blog. You may also share your further queries on the same topic. We would be glad to answer them.

You may also join the discussion on the same in our Discussion Forum

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